ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the main characteristics of college students' entrepreneurial failure fear, and the mediating effect on the relationship between optimism and entrepreneurial intention among college students. Methods: Totally 427 college students were selected. Their optimism trait, entrepreneurial failure fear and entrepreneurial intention were accessed with the Optimism-pessimism Scale (OS), Failure Fear Scale (FFS) and Individual Entrepreneurial Intention Scale IEIS). Results: The average FFS score in college students was (2.8 ± 0.6). The scores of decrease of social value were higher in males than in females (P ＜0.01). The scores of decrease of self-esteem were higher in students from rural than those from cities (P ＜ 0.05). The total FFS scores were lower in freshmen than in sophomores, juniors and seniors (P ＜0.01). OS scores positively predicted IEIS scores (β =0.19, P ＜0.001), and FFS scores partially mediated the relationship between the scores of OS and IEIS (effect size = 0.11, 95％ CI:0.04-0.19). Conclusion: This study shows significant gender, birthplace and grade differences in college students' entrepreneurial failure fear. Entrepreneurial failure fear maybe partially mediate the relationship between optimism pessimism and entrepreneurial intention.
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Objective:To develop the Abusive Behavior Scale for Superiors under the Chinese context (ABSSC) and test its validity and reliability.Methods:Based on literature analysis and the open questionnaire survey in 32 employees,this study defined the construct of ASBSS,and compiled the preliminary questionnaire.A sample of 200 employees coming from companies was selected for item analysis.A sample of 445 employees was investigated with this questionnaire,223 of them were assessed for exploratory factor analysis and 222 of them were assessed for confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency test with 2 week interval.Results:The ABSSC consisted of 11 items in 3 factors,which were neglect and slander,obstructionism and hard on subordinates.The 3 factors explained 55.45％ of the total variance.Furthermore,the result of CFA indicated that the model fitted the data with well constmct validity (RMSEA =0.06,GFI =0.94,NFI =0.92,CFI =0.96,IFI =0.96).The Cronbach α coefficient of the whole scale and its three facts were 0.87,0.79,0.78,and 0.76,respectively.Conclusion:It suggests that the Abusive Behavior Scale for superiors under the Chinese context (ABSSC) is reliable and valid enough to be applicable to measure superiors' abusive behavior under the background of Chinese culture.
ABSTRACT
Objective:Entrepreneurial failure refers to the process of entrepreneurial performance continuous decline until the business is bankrupt. The aim of this research is to analyze implicit stigma effect against entrepre-neurial failure in college students. Methods:Sixty-four college students in a natural class participated in this survey, 4 D values of the total tool of entrepreneurial failure implicit stigma and its three dimensions (including cognitive appraisal,emotional reaction,and behavior tendency)were assessed with the traditional implicit association test (IAT). Through independent sample t test,the differences between zero and 4 D values were analyzed. The differ-ences of four D values at gender and entrepreneurial experienceon were explored,the difference between reaction time of the compatibility task and incompatibility task was analyzed,and the reliability of the tool of implicit stigma effect against entrepreneurial failure was evaluated. Results:The 4 D values were all greater than zero. In 3 inde-pendent dimensions and total IATs,the automatic association between entrepreneurial failure and negative words was closer relative to positive words (P<0. 001 ),it showed that their implicit negative attitude against entrepre-neurial failure was significant. Split-halfreliability and internal consistency coefficient of the total tool of entrepre-neurial failure implicit stigma were respectively 0. 87 and 0. 82. Conclusion:In this study,the entrepreneurial failure implicit stigma effect may be significant in college students. These college studeuts have implicit negative cognition and emotion,and discrimination behavior tendency against entrepreneurial failure.